Definitions and Perspectives: Elephant and the Blind Men -- Culture as the Software of the Mind (Hofstede) -- Culture as Shared Meanings and Interpretations -- Culture as “What Has Worked in the Past” (Triandis) -- Culture Is a Set of Schedules of Reinforcement (Skinner, 1981) -- Culture as the “Human-Made” Part of the Human Environment (Herskovits, 1955) -- Culture as a Psychological Defense Against the “Terror” Inherent in the Human Condition -- Culture as a “Roadmap for Living” -- Samoan Culture and Fa’aSamoa: An Example of a “Roadmap for Living” -- Yup’ik Culture and “the Way of the Human Being: An Example of a “Roadmap for Living” -- Personal Note -- References -- The Human Condition: The Universal, Culturally Specific and Idiosyncratic Aspects of Our Humanity -- The Functionality of Stereotypes -- An Existential Perspective -- Note from the Class -- Personal Note -- References -- Culture and Human Needs: -- Culture and Human Needs: What Do Anxiety-Prone Human Creatures Really Need? -- Physiological Needs and Cultures -- Contents -- Culture and Psychological Needs -- Culture as a Roadmap for Living -- Cultural Prescriptions for Being and Doing the Right Thing -- Personal Note -- References --Culture and Self-Esteem: Culture as a Psychological Defense -- Culture as a Roadmap for Living -- Universal Human Problems and Varying Cultural Answers -- Culture and Meaning -- Culture as an Immortality Ideology -- The Case of Fundamentalism -- Globalization, Social Identity Theory andSelf-Esteem Threat -- References -- A Psycho-Existential View of Culture: Culture and the Need for a “World of Meaning to Act in” -- Implications: Ecology, Culture, Self Esteem and Terror Management -- Empirical Tests of TMT Hypotheses, Implications of Findings -- References -- Cultural Trauma and Recovery -- Cultural Trauma -- The Power of the Situation: The Colonial Context -- Cultural Trauma in Alaska -- Cultural Trauma in Hawai‘i and the Pacific -- Cultural Trauma in Aboriginal Australia -- Cultural Recovery in Native Alaska -- The Hawaiian Renaissance -- References -- Historical Narratives: Stories We Live By -- Narratives -- So What’s Your Story? -- The Contributions of Narrative Psychology -- Features and Characteristics of Narratives -- Culture and the Stories We Live By -- The Role of Narratives in the Production and Maintenance of Conflict -- “Intractable Conflicts” and the Narratives That Support Them -- The Need for Cultural Empathy -- Contents -- What Is to Be Done? Reconciling Conflicting andCompeting Narratives -- Revising and Reconstructing the Narratives of Intractable Conflict -- References -- Intercultural and Inter-group Relations: Integrated Threat Theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000) -- Realistic Conflict Theory -- The Functionality of Stereotypes -- Ifoga and Indigenous Peacemaking: A Cause for Optimism? -- The Power of the Situation and Conditions of Prejudice Reduction -- Intergroup Contact Theory -- An Example from Hawai‘i: The Construction of an “Interracial Labor Movement” and the Conditions of Prejudice Reduction -- The Construction of a Superordinate Identity:The Development of Local Culture and Identity -- References -- Inter-cultural Training: Intercultural Simulations in the Broader Context of Intercultural Training -- Intercultural Simulations -- Strengths and Weaknesses of Intercultural Simulations -- Examples of Existing Intercultural Simulations -- BAFA-BAFA: A Specific Example -- “Gems” That May Be Extracted from the Simulation -- References

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